Detailed explanation of the nine major air rights in air transportation

What is navigation rights?

Navigation rights is a national air transport right established by the world aviation industry through ICAO. Because air transport involves the sovereignty of other countries as long as it exceeds its own national borders, international air transport requires a global industry. Uniform provisions, navigation rights are part of this regulation.

First freedom: airspace overflight

The first problem that flies out of national borders is to fly into or over the airspace of other countries. If it is not allowed, the first right is formed.

In the absence of landing, the national aircraft can fly over the airspace of the country of agreement and travel to destinations in other countries.

For example: Beijing-San Francisco, flying over Japan's airspace in the middle, it is necessary to sign the right to fly over with Japan and obtain the first right of navigation, otherwise it can only fly around, increasing fuel consumption and flight time.

Second freedom: technical suspension

The national aircraft may land or stop in the country of agreement due to technical needs (such as fuel addition, aircraft failure or meteorological reasons), but may not be used for any business work such as passengers, goods, and postal services.

For example: Beijing-New York, if it is not possible to fly directly due to the type of aircraft, the middle needs to land and refuel in Japan, but it is not allowed to pick up and drop off passengers and goods at the airport. At this time, it is necessary to sign a technical suspension right with Japan.

Airlines flying long-distance routes, because the distance is too far to fly directly from the origin to the destination, you need to choose a place to refuel or clean the cabin and other technical work, then the take-off and landing in this place is called technical stop. The technology is suspended and only allowed to be used for non-commercial technical processing, that is, it is not allowed to go up and down the goods. For example, China’s flight to the United States has been suspended in Anchorage in the United States.

Third Air Rights: Destination Departure

Domestic aircraft can unload passengers, mail or cargo within the territory of the country of agreement.

For example: Beijing-Tokyo, if you get the third freedom right, passengers and goods carried by Chinese civil aviation aircraft can enter Hong Kong in Tokyo, but can only return empty.

Fourth freedom: the right to the destination

The national aircraft can carry passengers, mail or goods back within the territory of the agreement country.

For example: Beijing-Tokyo, if the fourth freedom rights are obtained, Chinese civil aviation aircraft can carry passengers, mail or goods back to Beijing on the original plane.

The third and fourth navigation rights, this is a pair of twin brothers. When airlines want to fly international routes, they must carry out international passenger and cargo transportation, transport their passengers and passengers to other countries, and transport passengers and passengers from other countries to their home countries. The most basic commercial activity rights are the third and fourth navigation rights.

Fifth freedom rights: intermediate point rights or extension rights

You can use the location of a third country as a transit station to get on and off the goods. The fifth freedom right is to negotiate with two or more countries.

For example: Singapore, Xiamen, and Chicago, Singapore Airlines won the fifth freedom, and can stop in Xiamen on the Singapore-Italy route.

Fifth right (transportation of third country): The carrier goes to the country where the permit is granted, and the passengers and cargoes carried from the third country are discharged to the country, or passengers and goods are carried from the country to a third country.

1. Carrier's home country (origin of the first country) ----- third stop through the middle of the country ------ destination country (second country)

When the carrier transports passengers and goods from the country to another country, it passes through the third country (that is, the countries other than the country of origin and destination) and is allowed to unload the passengers and passengers passing through the third country to the destination country. This right is one of the fifth freedom rights.

2. Carrier's home country (first country origin) ------ destination country (second country))-----a third country

The second type of fifth freedom rights is transportation from a remote country. The carrier transports passengers originating from the country to the destination country, and is allowed to take goods from the destination country and is allowed to transport to another country. country.

It can be seen that the carrier can use these rights completely only when they have both of the fifth navigation rights. Otherwise, even if one of them is obtained, it is difficult to operate.

The fifth freedom right is for the bilateral agreement between the two countries. In the agreement between the two countries, the other party is allowed to exercise the right to transport in the third country. But in the absence of the consent of the third country, this power is equal to no. Therefore, when airlines use this power, they must also consider whether China has a corresponding right to this "third country."

The reason why the fifth freedom right is complicated is that it involves multiple bilateral agreements and means different types of navigation rights in different agreements. The opening of the fifth freedom rights means that foreign airlines must not only share the market between the flying countries, but also share the market resources of China to the third country.

Sixth freedom rights: bridge rights

An airline of a country or region carries the rights of passengers and cargo between the two countries or regions and the country or region of registration (this is the combination of the third and fourth freedoms).

For example: London-Beijing-Seoul, Air China will transport passengers from the UK to Beijing and then to South Korea.

Seventh freedom rights: complete third country transportation rights

An airline in a country or region operates its own independent route outside its own country or region, and carries the right to transport passengers and cargo between two countries or regions.

For example: London - Paris, carried by Lufthansa.

Eighth air rights: domestic transport rights

The right of a country or region to carry passengers and cargo between the two places in the territory of the country or region (domestic operation rights).

For example: Beijing-Chengdu, carried by Japan Airlines.

Ninth Air Rights: Domestic Shipping Rights

Domestic aircraft can operate on domestic routes to the agreed countries.

The so-called ninth air rights means that the above-mentioned eighth air rights are divided into two types: continuous and non-continuous. If it is a "non-continuous domestic transport right", it is the ninth right. It is worth noting that the difference between the eighth and the ninth air rights is that although both are about transporting passengers and goods in another country, the so-called "cabotage" of the eighth air rights can only be one from their own country. The route is extended in other countries. But the ninth air rights, the so-called "full cabotage", can be a route that is completely open in another country.

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